Abstract Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Mart.) O. Berg is a South American fruit tree species with important ecological and medicinal properties, which remnants are currently found mainly in isolated forest fragments. In this study, SSR markers from three different genomic origins (gene-linked, nuclear neutral, and organellar) were used to evaluate the patterns of genetic diversity, fine-scale spatial genetic structure and historical gene flow in fragmented forest formations of C. xanthocarpa from the Atlantic Forest in southern Brazil. Our results show that the forest fragments present moderate to high levels of genetic diversity in comparison to species presenting similar life traits, although a trend opposite to expected was observed concerning gene-linked and neutral SSR markers. The fine-scale spatial genetic structure revealed different patterns in short and large distance classes, with a distinct influence of gene-linked and neutral markers in driving the genetic structure in each distance class. The presence of an isolation-by-adaptation pattern implies the need for maintenance of the current remnants to assure the conservation of the private alleles. Finally, as the genetic diversity is found predominantly within forest fragments, programs of seed collection and/or genetic rescue should prioritize a larger number of individuals within each fragment, to increase the sampled diversity.

RESUMO A área foliar (cm2 por folha) e o conteúdo de pigmentos foliares são importantes características usadas para melhor entender a fisiologia das plantas. Neste estudo, modelos não-destrutivos para área foliar e conteúdo de pigmentos baseados no comprimento (L) e na largura (W) da folha, e na leitura do teor de clorofila, foram desenvolvidos para feijoa (Acca sellowiana). O experimento foi desenvolvido durante o mês de janeiro de 2016 usando 60 genótipos com cinco anos de idade, cultivados no estado do Paraná, Brasil. A proposta de modelo para área foliar (LA) foi L A = 0 , 0022 L 3 + 0 , 1482 W 2 + 0 , 6159 L W + 0 , 1076 (R2 = 0,99). Três modelos encontrados na literatura também foram analisados. Todos esses modelos tiveram menor acurácia que o modelo proposto por este estudo. Os modelos propostos para estimar os pigmentos foliares foram baseados no Falker Chlorophyll Index para clorofila a (A) and b (B), sendo estes C h l a = 2 , 564 A + 13 , 098 B - 42 , 605 (R2 = 0,94), C h l b = 1 , 538 A + 3 , 287 B + 8 , 847 (R2 = 0,86) e C a r o t e n o i d e s = 0 , 947 B + 8 , 943 (R2 = 0,88) expressos como µmol m-2 de lâmina folha. Conclui-se que os modelos propostos neste estudo se mostraram confiáveis métodos não destrutíveis para estimar a área foliar e o conteúdo de pigmento foliares em A. sellowiana.

ABSTRACT Leaf area (cm2 per leaf) and leaf pigment content are important traits that can be used to better understand a plants physiology. In this study, empirical non-destructive models for leaf area and leaf pigment based on the leaf dimensions, length (L) and width (W) in centimeters, and chlorophyll meter readings were developed for feijoa (Acca sellowiana). The experiment was carried out during January 2016 using five-year-old trees of 60 genotypes, grown under field conditions in the state of Paraná, Brazil. The proposed leaf area (LA) model was L A = 0 . 0022 L 3 + 0 . 1482 W 2 + 0 . 6159 L W + 0 . 1076 (R2 = 0.99). Three current leaf area models found in the literature were also assessed. All of the already created models were less accurate than the model proposed in this article. The proposed leaf pigment models were based on the Falker Chlorophyll Index for Chlorophyll a (A) and b (B), these were C h l a = 2 . 564 A + 13 . 098 B - 42 . 605 (R2 = 0.94), C h l b = 1 . 538 A + 3 . 287 B + 8 . 847 (R2 = 0.86) and C a r o t e n o i d s = 0 . 947 B + 8 . 943 (R2 = 0.88) expressed as µmol m-2 of leaf blade. In conclusion, the proposed models in this study were shown to be a reliable non-destructivel way of estimating A. sellowiana leaf area and leaf pigment.

Abstract Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) is the main grapevine disease in humid regions. In the present investigation, marker-assisted selection (MAS) was used to develop grapevine lines homozygous in loci Rpv1 and Rpv3 for resistance against P. viticola. The experimental populations UFSC-2013-1 (n = 420) and UFSC-2013-2 (n = 237) were obtained by self-pollination of two �� �� full-sib plants, originated from a cross between two distinct breeding lines containing the downy mildew resistance loci Rpv1 and Rpv3 in heterozygosity. The two experimental populations were genotyped with four microsatellite markers flanking the two downy mildew resistance loci. Among 637 genotyped plants, 300 (48.2%) were homozygous for at least one resistance locus and 10 (1.57%) were homozygous for both Rpv1 and Rpv3 alleles. These 10 plants challenged with P. viticola inoculum showed a clearly enhanced level of resistance. These plants have a great potential as resistance donors in grapevine breeding.

Abstract Among the cultivation problems of apple production in Brazil, Apple Leaf Spot (ALS) disease represents one of the main breeding challenges. This study aims at analyzing the genetic diversity among 152 apple scion accessions available at the Apple Gene Bank of EPAGRI, located in Caçador, Santa Catarina/Brazil. Eleven genomic SSR loci were analyzed to assess genetic diversity of ALS resistant and susceptible accessions. Results revealed high genetic diversity of the studied accessions, being 120 exclusive alleles (67 unique) from scion accessions resistant to ALS, and a mean PIC of 0.823. The locus Probability of Identity (I) ranged from 0.017 to 0.089. The combined I was 4.11 x 10-16, and the Power of Exclusion was 99.99999259%. In addition, the DNA fingerprint patterns will contribute as additional descriptors to select parental for crosses and early identification of apple accessions for breeding purposes, and also for cultivar protection.

RESUMO Em dois fragmentos florestais da Floresta Estacional Decidual (FED) do Alto-Uruguai, SC, foram aplicados os métodos de parcelas (MP) e de pontos-quadrantes (MQ) visando a comparar os métodos amostrais e caracterizar a riqueza florística e composição estrutural. Foram inventariadas 91 espécies, sendo que 52 foram encontradas no sub-bosque (sem valor madeireiro), com destaque para Sorocea bonplandii, Gymnanthes concolor e Trichilia claussenii. As outras 39 espécies emergentes no dossel florestal são de uso madeireiro, sendo as mais abundantes Apuleia leiocarpa, Nectandra megapotamica, Cabralea canjerana e Holocalyx balansae. As espécies de maior densidade e área basal foram praticamente as mesmas em ambos os fragmentos florestais, independente do método usado. O MP detectou uma maior diversidade de espécies e uma maior densidade de plantas por área comparativamente ao MQ, embora ambos os métodos detectassem espécies diferentes. Todavia, o uso simultâneo dos dois métodos possibilitou em uma maior cobertura da diversidade de espécies nas duas áreas, com redução no tempo para o inventário. Em ambos os métodos, detectaram-se erros amostrais acima do esperado e quanto menores os valores do erro amostral, maior foi a similaridade dos resultados das avaliações entre os métodos. Paradoxalmente a riqueza de espécies presentes na FED contrasta com o pequeno número de fragmentos que restaram neste ecossistema. Importante ressaltar que esses fragmentos são as últimas fontes de sementes para a recolonização de áreas abandonadas ou degradadas, como também para conservação e uso em programas de melhoramento genético de essências florestais nativas e banco de sementes in situ.

ABSTRACT In two forest remnants located in Seasonal Deciduous Atlantic Forest of Alto-Uruguai region of Southern Brazil, the plots (MP) and point-centered-quarter (MQ) methods were used aiming to characterize the floristic richness and structural composition. 91 species were identified, 52 of them were classified as understory species (without timber value), being the most abundant Sorocea bonplandii, Gimnanthes concolor and Trichilia claussenii species. The others were classified as timber species, being the most abundant Apuleia leiocarpa, Nectandra megapotamica, Cabralea canjerana, and Holocalyx balansae. The species of higher density and basal area were practically the same in both forest patches, independently from the inventory method used. The MP detected a higher number of species diversity as well as the higher value for plant density by area, comparatively to MQ, although both methods detected different species. The simultaneous use of MQ and MP resulted in a higher coverage of species diversity in both areas, with a reduction in time to perform the inventory. In both methods, sampling error above of the expected value was detected, but the smaller these values, the greater the similarity among the results provided by both methods. Unfortunately, the species richness occurring in the FED contrasts with the small number of remaining patches in this ecosystem. It is important to highlight that these patches are the last repositories for seed to be used in colonizing degraded areas as well as for conservation, improvement and in situ seed bank program with native plant species.

A embriogênese somática in vitro é dependente de uma série de fatores, dentre os quais o genótipo da planta matriz doadora de explantes e a fonte de auxina para conferir competência embriogênica são considerados como determinativos. Uma vez obtidos, os embriões somáticos podem ser encapsulados em alginato para a obtenção de sementes sintéticas, permitindo assim o armazenamento em baixas temperaturas e o posterior cultivo de maneira semelhante à semente verdadeira. Os aspectos citados foram estudados no presente trabalho visando elucidar pontos de controle da embriogênese somática. Assim, embriões zigóticos excisados de frutos maduros de cinco acessos de Feijoa sellowiana Berg, foram avaliados quanto ao seu potencial embriogenético. Choques auxínicos de 2,4-D (20 miM) em períodos de 1, 2, 4, 8 e 16 semanas foram utilizados para estabelecer o período mínimo de aquisição de competência embriogênica dos explantes e o posterior efeito deste fitorregulador sobre o desenvolvimento e qualidade dos embriões somáticos. Diferentes composições de cápsulas de alginato foram empregadas para avaliar a polimerização das cápsulas e a contaminação das sementes sintéticas. A maior percentagem de indução da embriogênese somática e o maior número de embriões ocorreram nos acessos 101 e 50-4. Choques de 2,4-D de duas semanas foram suficientes para proporcionar valores similares de indução e produção de embriões somáticos, àqueles obtidos com choques de 4 e 8 semanas. Estudos histológicos demonstraram a origem direta da embriogênese somática a partir da epiderme cotiledonar. A adição dos sais de MS e sacarose ao alginato de sódio resultou em altos valores de contaminação das sementes sintéticas, quando comparados às capsulas isentas destas substâncias. O emprego do KNO3 (100 mM) permitiu a despolimerização e a abertura de 81,2% das sementes sintéticas em comparação aos valores de 0% para o tratamento com água.

The induction and control of in vitro somatic embryogenesis is dependent of a number of factors. The genotype of the mother plant donor of explants and the kind of auxin play essential roles in conferring embryogenic competence. Once obtained somatic embryos may be encapsulated in alginate originating synthetic seeds that can be stored at low temperatures. Considering this the present work aimed at the assessment of five different genotypes, five periods of 2,4-D shock (20 muM for 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 weeks) (), and different substances supplemented to sodium alginate to obtain synthetic seeds. Zygotic embryos of Feijoa sellowiana were inoculated in basal LP medium (von Arnold and Erikson, 1981) supplemented with Morel’s vitamins, sucrose (3%) and phytagel (0.2%). The highest rates of somatic embryogenesis induction were observed in the genotypes 50-4 and 101. Shock of two weeks in 2,4-D conferred embryogenic competence in the same levels obtained with the shock of 8 weeks. Histological evaluations revealed the direct origin of the somatic embryos from the epidermic surface of cotyledons. Synthetic seeds containing MS salts and sucrose resulted in higher rates of contamination than capsules free of these substances. KNO3 (100 mM) resulted in the opening of 81.2% of the capsules as compared to 0% of opening in the treatment with water.